{"id":13934,"date":"2026-06-09T18:17:52","date_gmt":"2026-06-09T18:17:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mth-partner.de\/?p=13934"},"modified":"2026-06-09T18:35:20","modified_gmt":"2026-06-09T18:35:20","slug":"der-millionen-pass-was-die-deutsche-staatsangehoerigkeit-wirklich-wert-ist","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mth-partner.de\/en\/the-million-pass-what-german-citizenship-is-really-worth\/","title":{"rendered":"The Million-Pound Passport: What German Citizenship Is Really Worth"},"content":{"rendered":"

This article is for general information only and does not replace individual legal advice. If you have a specific question about your entitlement to German nationality, please consult a lawyer specialising in nationality law.<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/span>\u20ac690,000 for an EU passport \u2014 and still unlawful<\/span><\/h2>\n

Until April 2025, it was possible to buy citizenship in Malta. Not in a figurative sense, but quite literally: anyone who paid at least \u20ac600,000 to the Maltese state, acquired property worth at least \u20ac700,000 or rented for at least \u20ac16,000 per year and additionally donated \u20ac10,000 to a charitable organisation, could become a Maltese citizen after a waiting period of twelve to 36 months \u2013 and therefore automatically a European Union citizen.<\/p>\n

The programme was one of the most expensive in the world. Depending on the chosen route, the minimum investment ranged from around 630,000 euros to over 1.4 million euros. And yet, there were enough interested parties. Why? Because the Maltese passport meant access to the European Union: the right to live, work and study in 27 member states. Visa-free travel to 185 countries. Consular protection worldwide. Protection against deportation. And the possibility of passing this status on to one's children.<\/p>\n

On 29 April 2025, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) declared this model unlawful. In case C-181\/23 (Commission v Malta), the Grand Chamber ruled that granting citizenship in exchange for pre-determined payments constituted a \u201ecommercialisation\u201c of EU citizenship \u2014 incompatible with Art. 20 TFEU and the principle of sincere cooperation under Art. 4(3) TEU. Malta was required to cease the scheme.<\/p>\n

But the ruling left one question unanswered: if you cannot buy EU citizenship, what is it worth?<\/p>\n

<\/span>No purchase price, but an economic value<\/span><\/h2>\n

The ECJ's answer is clear: EU citizenship is not a commodity. It presupposes a \u201especial relationship of solidarity and loyalty\u201c between a Member State and its nationals. That is the legal framework. But from an economic perspective, nationality \u2013 and particularly German nationality \u2013 has a measurable value. And it is considerably higher than most people assume.<\/p>\n

German nationality is not simply a travel document. It is a bundle of rights, each of which makes a concrete economic difference.<\/p>\n

<\/span>The five building blocks of economic value<\/span><\/h2>\n

<\/span>1. Unrestricted access to the EU labour market<\/span><\/h3>\n

Anyone who holds German citizenship can work in all 27 EU member states \u2013 without a work permit, without residency restrictions, and without employer ties. This is not an abstract right. It means you can take up a job in Amsterdam, become self-employed in Vienna, or start a business in Lisbon without any authority having to approve it.<\/p>\n

The figures show what this means in concrete terms. Eurostat data for 2024 show: the unemployment rate for non-EU citizens in Europe was 12.3 percent \u2013 almost two and a half times higher than that of EU nationals at 5.1 percent. The difference cannot be explained by qualifications alone. It has to do with access barriers: residence permits tied to a specific employer. Approval procedures that take months. And employers who do not hire individuals with uncertain residency status.<\/p>\n

<\/span>2. The salary increase from naturalisation<\/span><\/h3>\n

Various studies \u2013 including those by the Migration Policy Institute, the OECD, and the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics \u2013 have examined the so-called \u201ecitizenship premium\u201c: the difference in income that arises after naturalisation. The results vary depending on the country and methodology, but the direction is clear.<\/p>\n

In the USA, salary increases are at least 5 percent immediately after naturalisation, rising to over 10 percent within ten years. In Germany, a study by the Center for American Progress estimates the salary bonus at around 15 percent. The gross median income in Germany in 2025 was around \u20ac54,000 annually. A 15 percent income advantage over a 30-year working life mathematically results in an additional lifetime earnings of around \u20ac243,000 \u2013 solely from the citizenship premium, without considering access to the EU-wide labour market.<\/p>\n

<\/span>3. Freedom of travel and mobility<\/span><\/h3>\n

The German passport ranked fourth globally in the Henley Passport Index 2026: 185 countries visa-free or with visa-on-arrival. For comparison, the Iraqi passport ranks 104th with 29 destinations. The Syrian passport is in last place with 26. For people who rely on international mobility for professional or family reasons, the difference is not cosmetic. It determines which business meetings are possible, which conferences can be attended, and which family visits can take place without months of advance planning.<\/p>\n

<\/span>4. Protection against deportation and security of residence<\/span><\/h3>\n

German nationals cannot be deported. Article 16(1) of the Basic Law prohibits expatriation, and Article 16(2) of the Basic Law protects against extradition, with narrowly defined exceptions. For individuals with a temporary residence permit, the situation is fundamentally different: a conviction, loss of employment, or a change in immigration policy can end their stay. Citizenship permanently excludes this risk.<\/p>\n

<\/span>5. Passing on to the next generation<\/span><\/h3>\n

German nationality can be passed on to children, regardless of their place of birth. A child born in Cape Town, Buenos Aires or Tel Aviv is a German national if one parent possesses German nationality. This multiplies the value: not only do you benefit yourself, but also your children and potentially their children.<\/p>\n

<\/span>What that means in total<\/span><\/h2>\n

The following table compares the legal status of a German national with that of a holder of a residence permit and a person without EU status:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Criterion<\/b><\/th>\nGerman nationality<\/b><\/th>\nResidence permit (temporary)<\/b><\/th>\nNo EU status<\/b><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
EU labour market<\/td>\nUnrestricted, 27 states<\/td>\nOnly in the issuing state, often employer-related<\/td>\nNo access<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Protection from deportation<\/td>\nAbsolute (Art. 16 GG)<\/td>\nNo absolute protection; residence may end<\/td>\nNo right of residence<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Freedom of travel<\/td>\n185 countries visa-free (2026)<\/td>\nOnly with a valid title; heavily restricted outside Schengen<\/td>\nSeverely restricted<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Right to vote<\/td>\nFederal Parliament, State Parliament, Local Council, EU Parliament<\/td>\nNo voting rights<\/td>\nNo voting rights<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Social benefits<\/td>\nFull access according to SGB<\/td>\nPartially, dependent on the purpose of stay<\/td>\nNo claim<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Passing on to children<\/td>\nAutomatic by birth (\u00a7 4 StAG)<\/td>\nNo<\/td>\nNo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Study abroad in the EU<\/td>\nFor domestic conditions<\/td>\nIn certain circumstances as a third-country national<\/td>\nInternational charges<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Consular protection<\/td>\nThrough each EU member state<\/td>\nOnly through the home state<\/td>\nOnly through the home state<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Every single line of this table has economic value. Taken together, this results in a lifetime benefit that \u2014 depending on the individual situation \u2014 can be far in excess of \u20ac500,000. For people who would have no legal access to the labour market in the EU without citizenship, the value easily reaches a seven-figure sum.<\/p>\n

And the official price? The naturalisation fee in Germany is exactly \u20ac255 according to \u00a7 38 StAG.<\/p>\n

<\/span>The special case: Reparation and restitution<\/span><\/h2>\n

The question of the value of German citizenship takes on a special dimension when it is asked in connection with the restitution provisions of the Basic Law and the Nationality Act.<\/p>\n

Article 116, paragraph 2 of the Basic Law grants an entitlement to re-naturalisation for persons who were deprived of German nationality between 30 January 1933 and 8 May 1945 for political, racial or religious reasons, as well as for their descendants. This right exists without a requirement to reside in Germany, without proof of language proficiency and without a naturalisation test. It is a constitutional right, not a matter of discretion.<\/p>\n

Alongside this, since August 2021, \u00a7 15 of the Nationality Act (StAG) has opened up a possibility for naturalisation for descendants of those persecuted by the Nazis, who previously did not fall under Article 116 (2) of the Basic Law (GG) \u2013 for example, because the persecution did not lead to a formal deprivation of nationality, but to fleeing from naturalisation or to forced emigration before acquiring nationality.<\/p>\n

Supplements \u00a7 5 StAG<\/a> a temporary naturalisation opportunity for certain groups of people who were disadvantaged by historical discrimination in German nationality law \u2013 for example, children of German mothers born before 1975 who could not acquire citizenship because the law at the time only recognised the paternal line of descent. This regulation is limited until 19 August 2031.<\/p>\n

These applicants are not concerned with an economic advantage. It is about the restoration of a status that was taken by state injustice. The fact that this status also has a measurable economic value does not make the claim commercial \u2013 it makes it more tangible.<\/p>\n

<\/span>The Maltese Paradox<\/span><\/h2>\n

The comparison with Malta is not cynical. It is illuminating. Malta's programme was based on a simple equation: money for passport. The ECJ has ruled that this equation is incompatible with the essence of EU citizenship. EU citizenship presupposes a genuine connection \u2013 residence, language, belonging.<\/p>\n

However, the fact that wealthy investors were willing to pay up to \u20ac1.4 million for a Maltese passport says something about the value the market places on EU belonging. And the German passport \u2013 one of the strongest within the EU \u2013 is likely to be at least equivalent in this logic.<\/p>\n

Except that it is not an object of purchase. But a legal status. And whoever has a claim to it \u2014 be it through Naturalisation<\/a>, through Descent<\/a> or through the compensation schemes \u2013 should know and take this claim seriously.<\/p>\n

<\/span>What you can do now<\/span><\/h2>\n

If you suspect you have a claim to German citizenship \u2013 be it through Article 116(2) of the Basic Law,<\/a> \u00a7 Section 15 StAG<\/a>, \u00a7 5 StAG or another way \u2013 early consideration is worthwhile. Especially with temporary regulations like \u00a7 5 StAG, every year counts.<\/p>\n

\n

<\/span>FAQs on German Nationality<\/span><\/h2>\n

<\/span>Can you buy German citizenship?<\/span><\/h3>\n

No. German nationality is not a commodity. It can only be acquired according to legal requirements, for example through birth, descent, naturalisation, or special restitution regulations.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Why does German citizenship have economic value?<\/span><\/h3>\n

German citizenship, among other things, offers free access to the EU labour market, extensive freedom of travel, security of residence, consular protection, and the ability to pass on citizenship to children.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Which rights are associated with German citizenship?<\/span><\/h3>\n

German nationals can live, work and study in Germany and the European Union. Additionally, they enjoy protection from expulsion, political participation rights and consular protection.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Can descendants of German nationals have a claim?<\/span><\/h3>\n

Yes. Depending on family history, a claim may be possible through descent, Article 116(2) of the German Basic Law (GG), Section 15 of the Nationality Act (StAG), Section 5 of the Nationality Act (StAG), or other avenues under nationality law.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Articles 116 (2) of the German Basic Law, and Sections 15 and 5 of the Nationality Act are particularly important because they address the restoration of citizenship for those who were deprived of it for political, racial, or religious reasons between 1933 and 1945. These provisions aim to correct historical injustices and provide a legal basis for descendants of those affected to reclaim their German citizenship.<\/span><\/h3>\n

These regulations concern cases in which German citizenship was lost or could not be acquired due to historical injustice, Nazi persecution, or previous discriminatory gender-based regulations.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Is \u00a7 5 StAG permanently possible?<\/span><\/h3>\n

No. The acquisition of citizenship by declaration under Section 5 of the Nationality Act (StAG) is time-limited and, under current law, expires on 19 August 2031.<\/p>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dieser Artikel dient der allgemeinen Information und ersetzt keine individuelle Rechtsberatung. Wenn Sie eine konkrete Frage zu Ihrem Anspruch auf die deutsche Staatsangeh\u00f6rigkeit haben, wenden Sie sich bitte an einen Rechtsanwalt, der auf Staatsangeh\u00f6rigkeitsrecht spezialisiert ist. 690.000 Euro f\u00fcr einen EU-Pass \u2014 und trotzdem rechtswidrig Bis April 2025 konnte man auf Malta die Staatsangeh\u00f6rigkeit kaufen. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":13935,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[36],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13934","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-auslaenderrecht-anwalt"],"yoast_head":"\nDer Millionen-Pass: Was die deutsche Staatsangeh\u00f6rigkeit wirklich wert ist - Rechtsanwaltskanzlei\u00a0Tieben<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Was ist die deutsche Staatsangeh\u00f6rigkeit wirtschaftlich wert? 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